S.S.P. Helicopter
August 1972 American Aircraft Modeler

August 1972 American Aircraft Modeler Table of Contents These pages from vintage modeling magazines like Flying Aces, Air Trails, American Modeler, American Aircraft Modeler, Young Men, Flying Models, Model Airplane News, R/C Modeler, captured the era. All copyrights acknowledged.

Imagine if your path to flying an R/C helicopter involved first designing, then building, and then troubleshooting the contraption. That was the burden of pioneers. We have people like S.S.P. Helicopter designer Gene Rock to thank for being able to enjoy the state-of-the-art models that are available today. This article from the August 1972 edition of American Aircraft Modeler magazine describes the process of machining all the metal parts for an Enya .45-powered craft. Mr. Rock even designed a very successful mechanical gyro for keeping the tail under control. If you have ever tried flying an R/C heli without any type of gyro (I have, on a DuBro Tristar), you will fully appreciate what a pleasure it is to not have to manually counter torque changes (throttle) with tail rotor stick input from the transmitter. Around 2008 I bought a Blade MCX2 coaxial rotor helicopter for flying inside, and the gyro is so good on that thing that you can put it in a full speed pirouette in either direct, release the rudder stick, and the model instantly stops spinning and holds its new heading - amazing. OK, time to go blow the dust off your model lathe and buy some metal stock. Let's see if you're up to it. See also Learning to Fly the S.S.P., and SSP-5.

S.S.P. Helicopter

by Gene Rock

I made my first helicopter, inspired by Glen Lee, back in 1962. The model was free flight and it didn't fly simply because I didn't know how to adjust tip weights. In 1963, Ken Norris' helicopter spurred me on and the model failed - simply because I couldn't keep the motors running. In 1967, John Burkam's model in the Challenge of RC Scale took shape in my shop but still couldn't get off the ground. This time the problem was mainly due to poor machining practices. In 1969, I met John Burkam and started building rubber-powered models like "Perini" published in 1969 in American Modeler. Rubber-powered models offered a fast way to study helicopter stability. I learned twice as much in the following year as I did in the previous seven. Many evenings were spent observing John's "Super Susie" in flight. Again I tried and failed but finally this past summer the "S5.P." emerged. Being so fed up with failures, the tethering was skipped. A few short bursts of the engine was enough to trim out the model. Feeling brave, I gunned the engine and the model leaped into the air and was ten feet off the ground before the engine was throttled back - it has been flying ever since.

The "S.S.P." is similar to Dieter Schluter's helicopter in every aspect except for size and body. The rotor system is Hiller except that there is no feedback from flapping. Rotor control is achieved by applying cyclic pitch to the small paddles. This forces the gyro that the paddles are attached to, to precess 90° later in the direction of the force. When the plane of the gyro is changed with respect to the main rotor, cyclic pitch is applied to the main rotor. Like the gyro, the main rotor takes 900 to precess. Now the rotor plane is changed, changing the thrust vector. Assume that we want the model to fly forward: The swash plate is tilted so that it is high in back. This tilt gives the pad-dies the most pitch on the left side. This in turn precesses the gyro and makes it high in back of the model. With the gyro high in back, the rotor blades have the most pitch on the left side. This precesses the rotor and makes it high in back. The model then flies forward.

The gyro performs many functions. When a gust hits the model, the gyro is slow to respond, thus not following the model but staying in its former plane. The gyro always makes the rotor follow until the rotor describes the same plane as the gyro. This resistance to changes applies the proper cyclic to correct the model.

Throttle is used instead of collective pitch to vary the thrust. This arrangement simplifies the control system greatly and performs just as well as collective pitch. The only disadvantage is that collective pitch cannot be dropped for autorotation. A reliable engine is a must.

Yawing the model is achieved by changing the collective pitch of the tail rotor. The collective setting of the tail rotor is constant over the rpm range of the main rotor. When the engine rpm is changed, there exists a torque fluctuation while the rotor is accelerating or decelerating. During this brief interval the model will yaw. The "S.S.P." incorporates a tail rotor gyro to automatically adjust the tail rotor collective during this interval. With a tail rotor gyro, the pilot has one less function to worry about and the amount of time it takes to learn to fly is cut in half. A much simpler tail rotor is shown without the gyro. The "S.S.P." is the only model helicopter with a tail rotor gyro - the choice is yours.

One of the biggest factors in designing a helicopter is that the exhaust fumes are constantly circulated through the rotor when hovering near the ground. The model very quickly becomes completely covered with castor oil. Balsa wood and the like cannot stand up to this. The only wood used is in the rotor blades and is sealed as well as possible. The rest of the model is metal. The radio compartment is enclosed unlike most RC helicopters.

The "S.S.P." was designed strictly as a trainer. The large landing gear allows many pilot errors. The belt drive system does not require complicated tools to set up. The engine has twice as much power as is needed to hover which comes in handy when heading for an obstacle. This allows you to gain altitude fast enough to keep the model out of danger. Belts also allow a better weight distribution.

The basic tools required for this project are: a lathe such as the Unimat; a drill press (unless the Unimat is used); a complete set of numbered drills from 1-60 and fractional sizes 1/16 - 1/2 by 1/32ths; bastard files; a hacksaw, but a bandsaw is preferred; micrometer; taps 2-56, 4-40, 6-32 and 8-32; pop rivet gun; metal brake such as that from Lafayette Radio. The average modeler does not have all these tools, but maybe your neighbor does. Some of the machined parts can be farmed out but this is expensive.

The decision to tackle such a project is not an easy one. It requires about four months work at 20 hours a week. The cost of the project is about $120 without engine and radio.

The parts that are most important have been dimensioned. The only dimensions that are critical are the ones for mounting bearings or for press fits. The majority of parts can be hand fitted. The mistake on one part can be compensated for on its mating part. When drilling holes, align the parts that have holes in common and drill or use one as a jig for the other. When drilling to match, always use the tap drill first unless a tapped hole is not required. When drilling a close hole such as for a press fit, select a drill at least two sizes smaller and use plenty of lubricating fluid. Drill again with one size smaller drill and then the final hole very slowly and well lubricated with the required drill. If reamers are available, use them instead. Since 1/16 music wire is slightly larger than .0625, a 1/16 drilled hole makes a nice press for the 1/16 music wire. Always drill about 1-2 thousandths smaller for press fit. A part always looks nice and is easier on the fingers if the sharp edges are broken.

The material 2024-6061 and 7075 is aluminum. The best material, strength-wise, is 7075-T6; the next is 2024-T3 or T4; the least, strength-wise, is 6061-T6. 6061-T6 is usually called for on the drawing because of its avail-ability. 2024-T3 or T-4 or 7075-T6 can be substituted for 6061-T6 unless the part is to be bent. If 7075-T6 is called for in a part, try to find it but the others can be used. This aluminum along with the drill rod (steel) and 4340 steel can be obtained at large steel or aluminum outlets, such as Ryersons.

All machine screws and nuts should be epoxied on final assembly, or use self-locking nuts. The only exceptions are those that will be used frequently.

Before starting, study the plans care-fully and understand fully all mechanisms. Next, make up a material list of all raw material needed and order it. Order Part No. HK 102 from Stock Drive Products and ask for their catalog. The total cost of these parts is $59.95. The kit HK 102 contains the 44 parts needed for the main and tail rotor transmissions. The bearing for the swashplate and gyro-stabilized tail rotor can be ordered from a local bearing outlet. The fiberglass arrow shafts were purchased at an archery store. Set screws and machine screws are available at an industrial hardware store. Sometimes machine screws can be purchased at an electronic supply store.

Construction

Radio Box:

Practice bending on scrap material to find the difference between the final bends and the original distance that you layed out. Use this difference in laying out your flat pattern so that you will have the external dimensions desired. Be very careful in making up the end plates-make sure they match or shim. Drill all rivet holes but only install those rivets that do not hold any additional part. Next, install all landing gear structure.

Engine Mount:

Make all of mount from 3/16 aluminum. Holes to lighten this mount may exist if desired. Make sure that the two surfaces on which the engine is mounted are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the top of the radio box.

Cooling Fan and Engine Pulley:

The cooling fan is bent into shape with a ball peen hammer and then filed to the final shape. The fan must be keyed to the prop shaft of the engine. The Enya A5 has its prop drive washer keyed to the shaft and this makes an ideal part to key the cooling fan to. Make sure that the engine used has 0.8 horsepower at 13,000 rpm without muffler. The transmission would have to be changed if the engine did not meet these requirements.

Tail Rotor Boom:

Machine -22 and use to align the four No. 4-40 tapped holes in the back end plate. Next rivet -22 to the 3/4" 00 aluminum tubing. Cut the tubing slightly longer than shown and crimp the aft end over 1/2" thick block. Then drill through with 1/2" drill at 45° angle for 1/2" aluminum tubing. Remove top and bottom material from end to 1/2" dia. hole. Wrap around 1/2" tubing and butt in back. Cut 1/2" OD tubing 1/2" longer than required and install with eight rivets. Remove tail boom from radio box.

Intermediate Shaft:

Machine the clutch shoes as one piece, preferably while bolted to the pulley. Mark some identification so that when cut apart they can be installed on the pulley in the same relationship that they were machined. Part marking is a good practice to insure proper final assembly. Cut apart and machine to final shape. When gluing the cork to the bell housing abrade the housing first. Machine -45 pulley and assemble intermediate shaft. File flats on the 3/16 mw for the set screws. Spin the assembly to 1000 rpm and check clutch engagement. Adjust spring clips until 1000 rpm or greater clutch engagement is achieved.

Swashplate:

Machine all parts as shown. -11 is a press fit over B-541 bearing. If hole is turned larger than shown, epoxy -11 to bearing. The pins should be left slightly long and ground on final assembly. Make sure the gimbal does not bind with ±150 tilt. Remove any interference. The 9/32 brass tubing is to lock inner pins when swashplate is removed from rotor shaft.

Machine all remaining parts for the hub, gyro and rotor controls. Next, install -18 on rotor shaft.

Transmission:

Install transmission structure to radio box and tap the top 1/16 thick angles No. 4-40 for -3, do not install -8 or -8A. Now align -8 and -8A using the long belt from the engine to the intermediate shaft. Make sure the intermediate shaft and rotor shaft are perpendicular to and in the center of the radio box. Put about six lb. tension on the belt and fasten -8 and -8A. Align large pulley on rotor shaft and file flat for cap head screw. Then heat treat rotor shaft.

Rotor and Rotor Controls:

Install the swash plate, -12, -12A, -13, -13A, -14, -14A for rotor controls, the hub and gyro. Do not forget to file flats for set screws on 1/8 mw for gyro, and use brass tubing for spacing the swashplate on the rotor shaft (same as spacing for large pulley).

Tail Rotor:

Install tail rotor transmission by using three to four lb. tension on belts. Machine and assemble desired tail rotor and install. Finish bracing tail boom and add tail skid and tail guard.

Landing Gear:

Make up landing gear and set aside. Remove rotor shaft by removing -3.

Rotor Blades:

Rotor blades should be the easiest part. The finish on my main rotor blade is a 5 thousandths layer of fiberglass which just about makes the blades indestructible. The tail rotor blades are given a coat of Pettit Hobpypoxy and then doped. Make two extra sets. Quick blades can be had by using MonoKote. The main rotor and tail rotor blades are held in place by a friction clamp. This allows the blades to fold when striking an object. Static balance your blades by adding small lengths of mw or the equivalent. Drill into the light blade tip hardwood leading edge and epoxy in required weight. The dynamic balance is taken care of by the hardwood leading edge.

Radio Installation:

My radio is installed on a 1/8 aluminum plate. The installation is optional. The right stick on my transmitter controls cyclic; up is forward, down is aft, right is right cyclic, etc. The left stick is yaw and engine control, up is advance throttle, right stick is yaw to the right which means the tail goes to the left. Lowering tail rotor collective makes tile model yaw to the right, etc. Remember when hooking up the swashplate that the rotor tilts in the same direction as the swashplate. Installing a spring at the end of the tail rotor cable to keep the cable in tension is desirable and is a must if the simplified tail rotor is used. The engine throttle should also be spring loaded. Completely assemble model.

Next Month-How to fly an RC chopper.

S.S.P. Helicopter Plans Sheet

S.S.P. Helicopter Machined Parts Sheet

(updated from original post on 8/28/2011)